Asthma – the basic facts

What is asthma?

People with asthma have sensitive airways in their lungs. When exposed to certain triggers, their airways narrow, making it hard for them to breathe.

There are three main factors that cause the airways to become narrow:

1. The inside lining of the airways becomes red and swollen (inflammation)

2. Extra mucus (sticky fluid) may be produced.

3. The muscle around the airways tightens (bronchoconstriction).

Why do people get asthma in the first place?

The causes of asthma are not fully understood, but there is often a family history of asthma, eczema or hay fever. Asthma can begin at any age and can change over time. Children of mothers who smoked during pregnancy and children exposed to second-hand smoke in early childhood have a higher risk of developing asthma.

What are the main symptoms of asthma?

Wheezing - a high-pitched raspy sound or whistle when breathing

Tightness in the chest

Shortness of breath

Coughing

Asthma symptoms can vary between people. Some people may have all these symptoms while others may only have a wheeze or a cough.

What triggers asthma symptoms?

Asthma triggers also vary between people. The most common triggers are:

Colds and flu (especially in children)

Exercise (this can be managed)

Pollens, moulds and grasses

Animal hair and dander (skin flakes)

Dust mites

Cigarette smoke

Changes in air temperature and weather

Certain drugs (e.g. aspirin and some blood pressure medications)

Some chemicals, strong smells and aerosol sprays (e.g. perfume)

Some occupations

Some emotions (e.g. stress)

In some people it can be difficult to know what triggers asthma. Ask your doctor for more information.

Asthma Rule of 4 - 4 easy steps on what to do Flow Chart

Asthma Signs and Symptoms Information

The Asthma Information Line is a telephone service available during business hours that is staffed by trained asthma advisers. You can access the Information Line by telephoning 1800 645 130 (free call).